class DataValidationError(Exception):
    pass

try:
    raise DataValidationError("Invalid CSV column format")
except DataValidationError as e:
    print("Validation Error Logged:", e)

Validation Error Logged: Invalid CSV column format

raw = ["  apple ", " Banana", "cherry "]
cleaned = [item.strip().lower() for item in raw]

class Person:
    name = "Alice"
    age = 25

p = Person()
print(p.name)
print(p.age)

Alice
25

class Product:
    def __init__(self, price):
        self.price = price

item = Product(100)

del item.price
# del item  # Deletes the object entirely

class Grandparent:
    def greet(self):
        print("Hello from Grandparent")

class Parent1(Grandparent):
    pass

class Parent2(Grandparent):
    pass

class Child(Parent1, Parent2):
    pass

c = Child()
c.greet()

Hello from Grandparent

keys = ["a", "b"]
values = [1, 2]
data = {k: v for k, v in zip(keys, values)}

x = 50

def outer():
    x = 10

    def inner():
        global x
        x = 99

    inner()
    print("Outer x:", x)

outer()
print("Global x:", x)

Outer x: 10
Global x: 99

class Car:
    def move(self):
        print("Car moving")

class Boat:
    def move(self):
        print("Boat sailing")

def start(vehicle):
    vehicle.move()

start(Car())
start(Boat())

Car moving
Boat sailing

def outer():
    x = 5
    def inner():
        print(x)

import math

print(dir(math))

['__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'acos', 'acosh', 'asin', 'asinh', 'atan', 'atan2', 'atanh', 'cbrt', 'ceil', 'comb', 'copysign', 'cos', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'dist', 'e', 'erf', 'erfc', 'exp', 'exp2', 'expm1', 'fabs', 'factorial', 'floor', 'fma', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fsum', 'gamma', 'gcd', 'hypot', 'inf', 'isclose', 'isfinite', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isqrt', 'lcm', 'ldexp', 'lgamma …