class NegativeValueError(Exception):
    pass

def process_value(value):
    if value < 0:
        raise NegativeValueError("Negative values are not allowed")

process_value(-10)

class AuthenticationError(Exception):
    pass

try:
    raise AuthenticationError("Invalid credentials")
except AuthenticationError as e:
    print("Login failed:", e)

Login failed: Invalid credentials

class InitialError(Exception):
    pass

class DerivedError(Exception):
    pass

try:
    try:
        raise InitialError("Initial failure")
    except InitialError as e:
        raise DerivedError("Follow-up failure") from e
except DerivedError as final_error:
    print(final_error)

Follow-up failure

class NegativeNumberError(Exception):
    pass

def check_number(n):
    if n < 0:
        raise NegativeNumberError("Negative numbers are not allowed")

check_number(-3)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

NegativeNumberError                       Traceback (most recent call last)

Cell In[1], line 8
      5     if n < 0:
      6         raise NegativeNumberError("Negative numbers are not allowed")
----> 8 check_number(-3)


Cell In[1], line 6 …

class ApplicationError(Exception):
    pass

class DatabaseError(ApplicationError):
    pass

class NetworkError(ApplicationError):
    pass

class InvalidAgeError(Exception):
    pass

def validate_age(age):
    if age < 18:
        raise InvalidAgeError("Age must be 18 or above")

try:
    validate_age(16)
except InvalidAgeError as e:
    print(e)

Age must be 18 or above

class TransactionError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, code, message):
        self.code = code
        self.message = message
        super().__init__(f"[{code}] {message}")

raise TransactionError(403, "Unauthorized action")

class DataValidationError(Exception):
    pass

try:
    raise DataValidationError("Invalid CSV column format")
except DataValidationError as e:
    print("Validation Error Logged:", e)

Validation Error Logged: Invalid CSV column format

class AgeLimitError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, age):
        super().__init__(f"Age {age} is below allowed limit")

def validate_age(age):
    if age < 18:
        raise AgeLimitError(age)

validate_age(15)

def validate_age(age):
    if age < 0:
        raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative")

validate_age(-5)